Your CPU can sit idle while your bandwidth is full, and a handful of expensive requests can stall an app that looks fine. This guide walks through where DDoS attacks hit, how to tell them apart from traffic spikes and bad deploys, and which defenses cover which layer.
Cloudflare Error 521 (Web server is down) isn't fixed by clearing the cache — it means your origin refused Cloudflare's connection. This guide walks the path from web service and listening ports through firewalls / WAF and SSL/TLS ports to load balancers, plus a ready-to-send support ticket template.
Pages may already use HTTPS, but DNS lookups are often still sent in the clear. DoH encrypts the first hop to your resolver. It is not anonymity, and it does not replace DNSSEC.
Use Express for small services, prototypes, and webhooks. Use NestJS for a business backend a team will keep maintaining. Nest still runs on Express by default. Switch to Fastify only if a load test shows the HTTP layer is the bottleneck.
NestJS handles complex backends. Next.js handles React pages and SEO. The names look alike; the layers do not. Compare positioning, architecture, routing, realtime, performance, testing, and how to choose in 2026.
I recently connected a third-party app to Cloudflare's OAuth Client. These are my notes from creating the client through a working authorization-code flow.